The object of study of hygiene in the texts published in Spain in the 19th century.

With the current COVID-19 pandemic that humanity is experiencing and the mobilization of all health systems to exercise sanitary measures such as quarantines and other measures to reduce infections, it should be remembered that these practices have been possible thanks to the experiences that in hygiene matters we have accumulated in our history. This essay aims to highlight about hygiene, the historicity of the concept, and its object of study as a medical discipline, in medical texts published in Spain during the 19th century, to help us understand the contributions of this science to current clinical practice and for these purposes, the bibliographic material was obtained from the National Library of Spain.

Con la actual pandemia de COVID-19 que la humanidad vive y la movilización de todos los sistemas de salud para ejercer medidas sanitarias, como los confinamientos, las cuarentenas y otras medidas para disminuir los contagios, vale la pena recordar que estas prácticas han sido posibles por las experiencias que en materia de higiene hemos acumulado en nuestra historia. Este ensayo tiene como objetivo destacar la higiene, la historicidad del concepto y su objeto de estudio como disciplina médica, en textos publicados en España en el siglo XIX, para ayudarnos a entender los aportes de esta ciencia a la práctica clínica actual. Con tales fines se obtuvo el material bibliográfico en la Biblioteca Nacional de España.

Post-traumatic stress disorder from a cognitive behavioral perspective

Introduction: The increasing violence experienced in Mexico and the numerous losses caused by the current Covid 19 pandemic have led to an increase in patients with post-traumatic stress. Objective: To know the characteristics of post-traumatic stress disorder from a cognitive behavioral perspective and synthesize information on effective intervention techniques for psychotherapy in these patients. Methods: Intervention and theoretical studies carried out in Spain and Latin America in the period 2013-2020 were reviewed in the Medline, Lilacs and Scopus databases and in the Pubmed and scholar google search engines. The key words used in Spanish and English were "post-traumatic stress disorder, cognitive behavioral techniques in post-traumatic stress disorder, cognitive distortions in post-traumatic stress disorder, cognitive behavioral intervention in post-traumatic stress disorder". Results: An updated review is proposed and cognitive-behavioral techniques that have been useful in the treatment of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder are pointed out. Conclusions: The use of cognitive and behavioral techniques in the treatment of Post-traumatic stress disorder favors the reduction of dysfunctional thoughts associated with trauma and maladaptive behaviors. These techniques have been shown to be effective in the treatment of patients with post-traumatic stress.